🛑 BLACK STAINS ON YOUR TEETH? Before you panic…
Links:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39994703/
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11725193/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35750826/
References:
Al-Shareef A, González-Martínez R, Cortell-Ballester I, Jovani-Sancho M, Sheth CC, Veses V. Current perspective on dental black stain of bacterial origin: A narrative review. Eur J Oral Sci. 2025; 133:e70007. https://doi.org/10.1111/eos.70007
Kumar M, Madi M, Vineetha R, Gopinath D. Chromogenic bacterial staining of teeth: a scoping review. BMC Oral Health. 2025 Jan 11;25(1):55. doi: 10.1186/s12903-025-05441-4. PMID: 39799365; PMCID: PMC11725193.
Janjua, U., Bahia, G. & Barry, S. Black staining: an overview for the general dental practitioner. Br Dent J 232, 857–860 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-022-4345-0
slide 3 images - Orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances and biofilm formation-a potential public health threat? - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/White-spot-lesions-cavities-upper-dentition-and-gingival-inflammation-lower_fig4_261609549 [accessed 26 Sept 2026]
